Neural Network and Expert System : [BE - IT]

 
  The subject "Neural Network and Expert System" is introduced as an elective subject in the final semester for BE -IT. The number of students who opt for this subject are very few compared to those opting GIS. The major reason why this subject  is not chosen as an elective subject is because it requires Artificial Intelligence as a pre-requisite. Moreover, the subject is a bit confusing and time consuming unlike 'Artificial Intelligence'. Students have managed to score averagely in this subject. And there have been rumors about a local author copy from Nirali Publications for this subject, but no confirm news - as I have not seen the copy myself!

Lets have a look at the syllabus for the subject :

Unit I :

Introduction to Artificial Neural Networks

Biological Neural Networks, Pattern analysis tasks: Classification and Clustering, Computational models of neurons, Basic structures and properties of Artificial Neural Networks, Structures of Neural Networks Learning principles

Unit II 

Feedforward Neural Networks

Perceptron, its learning law , Pattern classification using perceptron, Single layer and Multilayer feed forward Neural Networks (MLFFNNs), Pattern classification and regression using MLFFNNs, ADALINE : The Adaptive Linear Element, its Structure and Learning laws, Error back propagation learning, Fast learning methods: Conjugate gradient method, Auto associative Neural Networks, Bayesian Neural Networks

Unit III 

Radial Basis Function Networks and Pattern Analysis

Regularization theory, RBF networks for function approximation , RBF networks for pattern classification

Kernel methods for pattern analysis: Statistical learning theory, Support vector machines for pattern classification, Relevance vector machines for classification.

Unit IV 

Self organizing maps and feedback networks

Pattern clustering,, Topological mapping, Kohonen’s self, organizing map Feedback Neural Networks : Pattern storage and retrieval ,Hopfield model, Boltzmann machine, Recurrent Neural Networks

Unit V 

Expert Systems Architectures:

Introduction, Rule Based System Architecture, Non-Production System Architecture, Dealing with uncertainty, Knowledge Acquisition and Validation

Unit VI 

Shells and Case Studies

Expert System Shells , Knowledge System Building Tools for Expert System, Expert System tools case study – MYCIN – EMYCIN -ELIZA Knowledge Management (Wiki Web case study)

Download E-Books for

 Neural Networks & Expert System

An Introduction to Neural Networks

James Anderson

File Type : DJVU

File Size : 5MB

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Artificial Intelligence & Expert Systems for Engineers

Krishnamoorty, Rajeev

File Type :  PDF

File Size : 3.5 MB

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Pattern Recognition & Machine Learning

C. S. Bishop

File Type : PDF

File Size : 4.2 MB

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Artificial Neural Network

Colin Fyfe

File Type : DJVU

File Size : 1.17MB

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Artificial Neural Network 

An Introduction to ANN Theory & Practice

P. J. Braspenning

File Type : DJVU

File Size : 2.1 MB

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Cell Splitting - Mobile Computing : [BE - IT/Comp]

Article contributed by :

Manoj Pisharody

manoj@itportal.in

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We have already studies in detail the concept of a cell, cluster, MS and the BS. So, we will not discuss those all over again. Let us move straight into the topic.

The concept of Cell Splitting is quite self explanatory by its name itself. Cell splitting means to split up cells into smaller cells. The process of cell splitting is used to expand the capacity (number of channels) of a mobile communication system. As a network grows, a quite large number of mobile users in an area come into picture. Consider the following scenario.

There are 100 people in a specific area. All of them owns a mobile phone (MS) and are quite comfortable to communicate with each other. So, a provision for all of them to mutually communicate must be made. As there are only 100 users, a single base station (BS) is built in the middle of the area and all these users’ MS are connected to it. All these 100 users now come under the coverage area of a single base station. This coverage area is called a cell. This is shown in Fig 2-1.

       

                 Fig 2-1. A single BS for 100 MS users.

 But now, as time passed by, the number of mobile users in the same area increased from 100 to 700. Now if the same BS has to connect to these 700 users’ MS, obviously the BS will be overloaded. A single BS, which served for 100 users is forced to serve for 700 users, which is impractical. To reduce the load of this BS, we can use cell splitting. That is, we will divide the above single cell into 7 separate adjacent cells, each having its own BS. This is shown in Fig 2-2.

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Fig 2-2. Single cell split up into 7 cells

Now, let us look into the big picture. Until now, we have discussed about cell splitting in a small area. Now, we use this same concept to deal with large networks. In a large network, it is not necessary to split up all the cells in all the clusters. Certain BSes can handle the traffic well if their cells (coverage areas) are split up. Only those cells must be ideal for cell splitting. Fig 2-3 shows network architecture with a few number of cells split up into smaller cells, without affecting the other cells in the network.

             Fig 2-3. Cell Splitting.

   The concept of cell splitting can further be applied to the split cells as well. That is, the split up cells can further be split into a number of smaller cells to improve the efficiency of the BS even more. Fig 2-4 shows a hierarchy of cell splitting.

   Here, the master cells which have been split up into smaller cells are known as macro cells. The split up cells are known as micro cells. The innermost cells, split up by splitting the micro cells are known as pico cells.

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Article contributed by :

Manoj Pisharody

manoj@itportal.in

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Frequency Reuse - Mobile Computing : [BE : IT/Comp]

Article contributed by :

Manoj Pisharody

manoj@itportal.in

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Click Here
To DOWNLOAD this Article in PDF

Most of you might be familiar with the concept of frequency reuse. We often come across this term in Mobile Computing. Quite a straightforward and simple concept, but still it requires a detailed explanation. This is one of the most common terms used in the world of Cellular Telephony (Wireless Communication). Most cellular systems use frequency reuse scheme to improve capacity and coverage. Let us understand what exactly a cell mean and how they are related to frequencies.

In a cellular system, each mobile station (MS) is connected with its base station (BS) via a radio link. The BS is responsible for sending the calls to and from the MS, which lie in the coverage area of that BS. The coverage area of a base station or a sector of a base station is known as a cell. Each BS consists of a number of frequency channels, which serve as a link between the MS and the BS. Every time, a call propagates through a channel which is currently idle and receiving the best signal. As the coverage area of a BS can be termed as a cell, we can also say that a cell uses the frequency channels for call forwarding. These cells are usually of hexagonal shape (this explanation is certainly not in the scope of our discussion here). The Fig 1-1 shows a typical structure of a cell.

        Fig 1-1. A cell.

A PCS (Personal Communication System) is a combination of many such cells. So, a cell may be surrounded by a large number of adjacent cells. This is shown in Fig 1-2.

       Fig 1-2. Cells adjacent to each other (Cluster).

Now, let us look at a more general term used for the above structure- a cluster. A number of cells are grouped to form a cluster. So, a cluster is a collection of various cells. Now, after understanding the concepts of cells and cluster, let us move into the actual concept of frequency reuse.

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As we have seen, cells use frequencies. But imagine two or more cells in a single cluster using the same frequency. Obviously, there is a wide scope of interference. So, it is always a better option to avoid two cells in a cluster using the same frequencies. That is, inside a cluster, all the cells must use different frequencies. A 3-cell cluster with all the adjacent cells using different frequencies (F1, F2 and F3) is shown in Fig 1-3.

Fig 1-3. Cells in a cluster using different frequencies.

But this will definitely lead to a new problem. As the network grows, if every cell in a system uses different frequencies, the frequency spectrum will be heavily utilized. A large amount of frequencies will be utilized by these cells. A solution to this problem is the Frequency Reuse.

All the cells in a cluster must still have different frequencies, but these frequencies can be reused by the cells in other clusters. This is the concept of frequency reuse. That is, if frequencies A, B, C, D, E, F and G are used by the cells in a 7-cell cluster, these same frequencies A, B, C, D, E, F and G can be used by the cells in other clusters. See Fig 1-4.

   Fig 1-4. Frequency Reuse.

In the above figure, three different clusters are shown with three different colors. Each of the 7 cells in each clusters use different frequencies (A through G). But, the same frequencies (A through G) are reused by the seven cells of each of the other clusters. Thus, the problems of interfering frequencies as well as over-utilization of frequencies are overcome using the concept of frequency reuse.

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Article contributed by :

Manoj Pisharody

manoj@itportal.in

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Principles of Compiler Design : [ BE : Comp ]

      Principles of Compiler Design is a compulsory subject for Computer Engineering in the 7th semester. the subject is a continuation or an advancement for SPOS & TOC i.e. System Programming and Operating Systems  & Theory of Computation. A very interesting subject to learn, but requires precise practice as the subject has many numericals or sums(for design). The subject requires SPOS and TOC as pre-requisite and makes the subject little difficult for those who had problems studying Theory of Computation. 

      Overall, the subject is really interesting to learn and is scoring as well. Local author books for the subject are also good enough for reference. The subject also includes a 50mark practical , which is also a difficult one. The practical includes  'C' codes for compiler construction which is a lengthy process.

   Here, we are providing few books which are required for referencing the subject. The text book 'Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools' covers a substantial part of the subject in a lucid way. Apart from the textbook, we are also providing other E-Books which are recommended for the subject.

E-Books for Download :

Compilers : Principles, Techniques & Tools

Aho, Ullman, Sethi

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File Type : PDF

File Size :  36.4MB

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Complier Construction

Niklaus Wirth

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File Type : PDF

File Size : 0.5 MB

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Lex & Yacc 

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File Type : PDF

File Size :  15.5 MB

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 Linkers & Loaders

John R. Levine

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File Type : PDF

File Size :  3.5MB

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 Modern Compiler Design

Grune, Bal, Langendoen

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File Type : DJVU

File Size :  4.99MB

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Compiler Construction :

Principles and Practice 

Kenneth Louden

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File Type : DJVU

File Size :  6.5 MB

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Object Oriented Modelling and Design [OOMD/UML] BE - [ COMP & IT ]

           

           Object Oriented Modelling and Design is a subject introduced in the 7th semester  i.e (BE- sem 2) of Engineering for Computer and IT Engineering curriculum of Pune University. The subject is a compulsory subject for both the branches (Computer and IT). This subject is really an important subject for a software engineer to model visual designs of a particular project.

     To understand why do we need to study this subject let us take an example: When you build any software using any particular software modelling techniques (say Waterfall Model) then you actually move or progress according to the protocol in a assigned way. The project starts with exploring therequirements of the project and then elaborating these requirements. After this step before the coding step starts , the team  builds a visual model which helps the team to understand the different views of the system. It also helps to build a system in an easier and non haphazard manner. This is because the models once designed can be used as  reference for the future during the development process.  The team can then refer the different visual models for any information about the implementation of the project

  To design these visual models we need to have a commonly agreed and accepted methodology  or a simple protocol. Here comes UML into the picture. UML i.e. Unified Modelling Language is a Language which helps  one to design visual models of a system in different views.  UML is not a programming language and  hence contains no coding stuff. It contains only diagrams  which helps a designer develop a visual model of the system . There are many different types of diagrams available under the UML, which helps a user design different view models of a system. Some of them are : Class Diagrams , Activity Diagrams, Sequence Diagrams etc.

   The syllabus for Computer  and IT Engineering is almost the same. The books recommended for Computer Engineering are same as that of IT Engineering.

Books Recommended :

Local Authors : Among the local author publications, none of the books are good to learn the subject. All the publications  lack good examples for each model explained. Among all the publications available (namely Nirali, Technical and Techmax) Techmax would be better. Techmax is only a better optin among the given choices and cannot be recommended as a good book.

Foreign Authors :  Grady Booch, James Rumbaugh, Ivar Jacobson "Unified Modeling Language User Guide" and SAMS Teach yourself UML in 24 Hours would help you to understand the concepts in a simple way. But both of these books lack good examples. And UML is a language that can only be learned by visualizing practical examples. To have a better view of the subject, please refer to many UML diagrams that are available online. 

The Best site for UML examples would be : http://www.uml-diagrams.org/

The site covers detailed UML diagrams for many real life problems.

Books for Download :

Object Oriented Analysis & Design 

Understanding System Development with UML2.0

Mike O' Docherty

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The Unfied Modelling Language 

Reference Manual

Rumbaugh,Jacobsom, Booch

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UML 2.0 In a Nutshell

A Desktop Quick Reference

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Design Patterns

Elements of Reusable Object Oriented Software

Gamma,Helm,Johnson,Vlissides

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UML 2 And the Unified Process

Jim Arlow

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BE Results are finally revealed!!

Download BE 2008 Pattern Results

Pune University has finally revealed the results for BE 2008 pattern today i.e. 31st July 2012 . You can Download the results in PDF format to check you class obtained ..detailed result will be available in some time. Many students complained about the results being delayed and that the results are not yet declared...  Please use Mozilla Firefox for viewing your result.  Google Chrome and a few other browsers  are not showing proper results!

Download BE 2008 Pattern Resutls

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BE Results will be declared on 31st July, 2012 - Pune University

University of Pune will be finally rolling out BE 2008 pattern - Final Year Engineering  Results for May 2012 Examinations tomorrow i.e. on 31st July, 2012 between 3 p.m. to  9p.m in the evening. The results are not to be published before 3 pm on 31st July on Pune University's official website. This year, results are declared quite early as compared to last few result sessions. 

 According to the rules framed by the University, the results of any curriculum is to be released latest by 45 days post the last theory paper of the respective course. But on an average scale, the results are declare normally between 45 - 60 days or sometimes the results have also been delayed upto 90+ days. 

   Students will be given the detailed result online, like the results of TE and FE were revealed, however students will be getting the marksheet and the passing certificate (only for BE) 10 days post the online result. Students of BE are very enthusiastic about the results which will be declared by tomorrow evening as most BE pass out students are anxiously awaiting their results as it required for them to produce their final year marksheets before they join their respective Companies. 

 You can check you Results from here

    

Click here to avail your Result 

  (B.E. 2008 Pattern)

#Note : This link will be active only after 3.30 pm on July 31st, 2012

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A Few Guidelines : Before you decide on your BE Project

Today, we would like to share with you, few guidelines or a few important facts which you should know before you take up your final decision about your final year Engineering Projects.

Most of you may be confused with a few questions like : Should I go for a sponsored project or a normal non-sponsored project? If I prefer a sponsored project, then which company should I prefer?

Even though only  a few questions, these questions would suffice to kill your time and patience.

We have jotted down a few guidelines which would help you take a better decision on your Final Year Engineering Project rather than simply helping you out on your project.

Q) Should I go for a Sponsored Project or a Non Sponsored Project?

-> The decision totally depends on your choice , We would suggest Go for a Sponsored Project.

Meanwhile both has its pros and cons

First, you must understand that doing the whole project all by your self is not at all an easy task. You will definitely need a guide , i.e someone who can show you -

• How you should work
• What you need to study 
• Where should you start from,
• how should you start 

and finally helping you framing a project. And then you do the rest under his or her guidance. The Guide is capable of helping you as her or she has already worked on the same or a similar project.

Now, before we start the discussion, we first need to understand the main difference between 'A Sponsored Project', 'A Non-Sponsored Project' and pros and cons of both.

Q) Now , what is the difference between a Sponsored and a Non - Sponsored Project?

   In a sponsored project , you work for a particular company under their guidelines. The company provides you a guide, who is actually experienced. The guide then helps you, in framing your project and gives you all necessary guidelines and training if required.

Its not necessary that you should go to the company always to work.... casual visits are more than  enough, you just need to keep your guide updated with your progress and then continue to work according to his instructions. 

  We call this scheme sponsored as you do not have to pay anything to the guide. The guide is made available by the company free of cost. At the end, your project is  Company's intellectual property and you are not allowed to disclose the source code to any one.

Advantages :

• You experience a Company level project environment
• You get  a good guide free of cost
• You get a certificate of Project completion from the Company                          and 
• You also get an Internship certificate from the company..which adds immense value to your resume

Now consider, you go for a non-sponsored project, then you would need a guide (externally arranged)  to help you. You can locally hire Guides for a project from many Institutions in the city .(like Net2net, Seed Infotech, NIIT etc...). These guides are also experienced, but will charge you for the period of your project tenure (around 10,0000 - 15,000, for the whole grp, so each member has to pay around 3000 or 4000). 

 Here , you do the entire project on your own, but you will be provided help and guidelines from your guide.

Advantages : 

• You are guided by an external Representative who is experienced in the project he offers guidance.

Disadvantages :

•  Guides externally arranged charge lumpsum amount

Last option is the worst ....but most widely used

You can purchase a ready made project or outsource your project. Some external party will build your project completely and will also teach you, how it was made. You just need to rest ,everything is made available by them. 

Easiest.... but you ll never learn anything innovative. Most students prefer this option!!!  

Unfortunately.

 It costs around 18k to 25k , depending o your project and the company or the individual who develops the project.

Last .....it all depends on your choice...how your team works, how well do they adjust with each other etc.

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