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Tuesday, December 11, 2012

Neural Network and Expert System : [BE - IT]

9:32 AM BE, BE Pune University, elective, elective 3, Neural Network, Neural Network and Expert Systems No comments

The subject "Neural Network and Expert System" is introduced as an elective subject in the final semester for BE -IT. The number of students who opt for this subject are very few compared to those opting GIS. The major reason why this subject is not chosen as an elective subject is because it requires Artificial Intelligence as a pre-requisite. Moreover, the subject is a bit confusing and time consuming unlike 'Artificial Intelligence'. Students have managed to score averagely in this subject. And there have been rumors about a local author copy from Nirali Publications for this subject, but no confirm news - as I have not seen the copy myself!

Lets have a look at the syllabus for the subject :

Unit I :

Introduction to Artificial Neural Networks

Biological Neural Networks, Pattern analysis tasks: Classification and Clustering, Computational models of neurons, Basic structures and properties of Artificial Neural Networks, Structures of Neural Networks Learning principles

Unit II

Feedforward Neural Networks

Perceptron, its learning law , Pattern classification using perceptron, Single layer and Multilayer feed forward Neural Networks (MLFFNNs), Pattern classification and regression using MLFFNNs, ADALINE : The Adaptive Linear Element, its Structure and Learning laws, Error back propagation learning, Fast learning methods: Conjugate gradient method, Auto associative Neural Networks, Bayesian Neural Networks

Unit III

Radial Basis Function Networks and Pattern Analysis

Regularization theory, RBF networks for function approximation , RBF networks for pattern classification

Kernel methods for pattern analysis: Statistical learning theory, Support vector machines for pattern classification, Relevance vector machines for classification.

Unit IV

Self organizing maps and feedback networks

Pattern clustering,, Topological mapping, Kohonen’s self, organizing map Feedback Neural Networks : Pattern storage and retrieval ,Hopfield model, Boltzmann machine, Recurrent Neural Networks

Unit V

Expert Systems Architectures:

Introduction, Rule Based System Architecture, Non-Production System Architecture, Dealing with uncertainty, Knowledge Acquisition and Validation

Unit VI

Shells and Case Studies

Expert System Shells , Knowledge System Building Tools for Expert System, Expert System tools case study – MYCIN – EMYCIN -ELIZA Knowledge Management (Wiki Web case study)

Download E-Books for

Neural Networks & Expert System

An Introduction to Neural Networks

James Anderson

File Type : DJVU

File Size : 5MB

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Artificial Intelligence & Expert Systems for Engineers

Krishnamoorty, Rajeev

File Type : PDF

File Size : 3.5 MB

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Pattern Recognition & Machine Learning

C. S. Bishop

File Type : PDF

File Size : 4.2 MB

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Artificial Neural Network

Colin Fyfe

File Type : DJVU

File Size : 1.17MB

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Artificial Neural Network

An Introduction to ANN Theory & Practice

P. J. Braspenning

File Type : DJVU

File Size : 2.1 MB

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Cell Splitting - Mobile Computing : [BE - IT/Comp]

2:18 AM BE Pune University, elective, mobile, Mobile Computing 1 comment

Article contributed by :

Manoj Pisharody

manoj@itportal.in

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We have already studies in detail the concept of a cell, cluster, MS and the BS. So, we will not discuss those all over again. Let us move straight into the topic.

The concept of Cell Splitting is quite self explanatory by its name itself. Cell splitting means to split up cells into smaller cells. The process of cell splitting is used to expand the capacity (number of channels) of a mobile communication system. As a network grows, a quite large number of mobile users in an area come into picture. Consider the following scenario.

There are 100 people in a specific area. All of them owns a mobile phone (MS) and are quite comfortable to communicate with each other. So, a provision for all of them to mutually communicate must be made. As there are only 100 users, a single base station (BS) is built in the middle of the area and all these users’ MS are connected to it. All these 100 users now come under the coverage area of a single base station. This coverage area is called a cell. This is shown in Fig 2-1.

Fig 2-1. A single BS for 100 MS users.

But now, as time passed by, the number of mobile users in the same area increased from 100 to 700. Now if the same BS has to connect to these 700 users’ MS, obviously the BS will be overloaded. A single BS, which served for 100 users is forced to serve for 700 users, which is impractical. To reduce the load of this BS, we can use cell splitting. That is, we will divide the above single cell into 7 separate adjacent cells, each having its own BS. This is shown in Fig 2-2.

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Fig 2-2. Single cell split up into 7 cells

Now, let us look into the big picture. Until now, we have discussed about cell splitting in a small area. Now, we use this same concept to deal with large networks. In a large network, it is not necessary to split up all the cells in all the clusters. Certain BSes can handle the traffic well if their cells (coverage areas) are split up. Only those cells must be ideal for cell splitting. Fig 2-3 shows network architecture with a few number of cells split up into smaller cells, without affecting the other cells in the network.

Fig 2-3. Cell Splitting.

The concept of cell splitting can further be applied to the split cells as well. That is, the split up cells can further be split into a number of smaller cells to improve the efficiency of the BS even more. Fig 2-4 shows a hierarchy of cell splitting.

Here, the master cells which have been split up into smaller cells are known as macro cells. The split up cells are known as micro cells. The innermost cells, split up by splitting the micro cells are known as pico cells.

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Article contributed by :

Manoj Pisharody

manoj@itportal.in

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Frequency Reuse - Mobile Computing : [BE : IT/Comp]

1:53 AM BE Pune University, elective, Mobile Computing No comments

Article contributed by :

Manoj Pisharody

manoj@itportal.in

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To DOWNLOAD this Article in PDF

Most of you might be familiar with the concept of frequency reuse. We often come across this term in Mobile Computing. Quite a straightforward and simple concept, but still it requires a detailed explanation. This is one of the most common terms used in the world of Cellular Telephony (Wireless Communication). Most cellular systems use frequency reuse scheme to improve capacity and coverage. Let us understand what exactly a cell mean and how they are related to frequencies.

In a cellular system, each mobile station (MS) is connected with its base station (BS) via a radio link. The BS is responsible for sending the calls to and from the MS, which lie in the coverage area of that BS. The coverage area of a base station or a sector of a base station is known as a cell. Each BS consists of a number of frequency channels, which serve as a link between the MS and the BS. Every time, a call propagates through a channel which is currently idle and receiving the best signal. As the coverage area of a BS can be termed as a cell, we can also say that a cell uses the frequency channels for call forwarding. These cells are usually of hexagonal shape (this explanation is certainly not in the scope of our discussion here). The Fig 1-1 shows a typical structure of a cell.

Fig 1-1. A cell.

A PCS (Personal Communication System) is a combination of many such cells. So, a cell may be surrounded by a large number of adjacent cells. This is shown in Fig 1-2.

Fig 1-2. Cells adjacent to each other (Cluster).

Now, let us look at a more general term used for the above structure- a cluster. A number of cells are grouped to form a cluster. So, a cluster is a collection of various cells. Now, after understanding the concepts of cells and cluster, let us move into the actual concept of frequency reuse.

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As we have seen, cells use frequencies. But imagine two or more cells in a single cluster using the same frequency. Obviously, there is a wide scope of interference. So, it is always a better option to avoid two cells in a cluster using the same frequencies. That is, inside a cluster, all the cells must use different frequencies. A 3-cell cluster with all the adjacent cells using different frequencies (F1, F2 and F3) is shown in Fig 1-3.

Fig 1-3. Cells in a cluster using different frequencies.

But this will definitely lead to a new problem. As the network grows, if every cell in a system uses different frequencies, the frequency spectrum will be heavily utilized. A large amount of frequencies will be utilized by these cells. A solution to this problem is the Frequency Reuse.

All the cells in a cluster must still have different frequencies, but these frequencies can be reused by the cells in other clusters. This is the concept of frequency reuse. That is, if frequencies A, B, C, D, E, F and G are used by the cells in a 7-cell cluster, these same frequencies A, B, C, D, E, F and G can be used by the cells in other clusters. See Fig 1-4.

Fig 1-4. Frequency Reuse.

In the above figure, three different clusters are shown with three different colors. Each of the 7 cells in each clusters use different frequencies (A through G). But, the same frequencies (A through G) are reused by the seven cells of each of the other clusters. Thus, the problems of interfering frequencies as well as over-utilization of frequencies are overcome using the concept of frequency reuse.

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Article contributed by :

Manoj Pisharody

manoj@itportal.in

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What is Open Elective [: BE - All Branches ]

4:39 AM BE Pune University, elective, Elective 4, Elective IV, Open Elective, what is open Elective 1 comment

What is Open Elective , why is it important for you to know what it is in the first semester, even though open Elective is offered in the second semester?

It is definitely very important to know what is Open Elective in the first semester so that it will be of more use to you in the second semester.

Lets have a simple overview of Open Elective and then understand why was it introduced in your curriculum.

Most of you might have already read through the BE syllabus and might have figured out some details about Open Elective. Now lets have a deeper look into it.

So,

What is Open Elective?

Open Elective is a powerful tool introduced in the final year final semester of PU's Engineering syllabus which allows a student to design the syllabus of a subject of his own choice and then introduce the subject as an Elective Subject into the curriculum so that students can then opt for this subject as an Elective subject (i.e Elective IV).

With the concept of Open Elective a student can now introduce new subjects from other streams or subjects from the same stream but which were not initially available into the main stream curriculum, after approving it from the University.

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How can Open Elective be useful for me?

Open elective can be of great value to all students if properly utilized. Like all other Elective subjects (namely Elective I,II, and III) Elective IV also introduces to you 3 or 4 options from which you can choose any one subject as your subject for Elective IV. Suppose from all the given options for Elective IV, you don't find any subject of good use to you or if all the given subjects are of hardly any interest to you then you can introduce a subject of your choice with your own syllabus for Elective IV. Now this makes the deal more lucrative. You are allowed to study a subject of your choice and of your own designed syllabus.

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How do I design the syllabus for Open Elective?

Suppose you and your college friends have finally decided to opt for Open Elective and you would now like to design the syllabus for the subject, then the syllabus should be designed with the help of any senior faculty of your department (preferably HOD) and along with the help of any representative from the industry.

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Do we need to approve the syllabus for Open Elective before we can opt for it?

Yes

After you have designed the syllabus of the subject you are interested, you need to first get it approved from the senior most Faculty member of your department (preferably HOD). Once the HOD approves the syllabus, the syllabus is then forwarded to the University for scrutinizing the contents. The level of the subject should definitely be suitable for BE and should also be a useful subject for the student from a Engineering Degree's point of view. Once approved by the University, the college who had requested the approval is notified about the approval of the subject, so that the students can then opt for the subject as their Elective IV subject. Also, after a small period of time, the syllabus of the subject is then assigned a valid subject number and is then officially displayed on Pune University's official website : www.unipune.ac.in

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Is their any constraints for the minimum number of students opting for an Open Elective subject?

Yes

Obviously the University cannot conduct an exam for a single on a particular subject. There should always be a handsome number of students for conducting an exam for a particular subject. This number should be above a desired threshold level for the subject to be approved. Normally the number is preferred as minimum of 25 students, but generally the threshold number of students is decided internally by the department and the University.

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What are the chances of the syllabus we submit for approval gets Rejected/Approved ?

This entirely depends on the quality and level of the syllabus and the subject you have designed. If the scrutinizing officials feel that the subject is much below or beyond the scope of BE, then the chances of being Rejected is more else the deal is definitely approved.

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Open Elective is in the second semester, then why should i be concerned about it in the first Semester?

Even though, Open Elective is introduced in the second semester, you need to start working and submitting the subject for approval well in advance, so that the subject gets approved on time before commencing with the Examination forms for Second semester.

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What is the last date for submitting the syllabus for Open Elective?

Officially, the last date for submitting the syllabus and the subject for approval to the University is December 1. An ideal date for submitting the syllabus to the University would be before the Nov/Dec Semester Examination commences( i.e Before 1st Semester Exams).

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Once approved can any student opt for the Open Elective Subject from any college under Pune University?

Yes

Once approved, the syllabus is officially displayed on the University's website and is also communicated to most colleges. The students are then allowed to opt for the Open Elective Subject if the criteria of number of students are met by the department's needs.

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Are there any previously approved Open Elective subjects?

Yes, for the 2012 batch many colleges including PICT have approved different subjects for Open Elective for the University. You can have a detailed look at the list of approved Open Elective Subjects over here : CLICK HERE

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Can we opt for an Open Elective Subject which was previously approved?

Yes

As we have already mentioned , once approved the Subject along with its syllabus is displayed over the University's official website, any student is then allowed for opting the subjects approved previously for Open Elective if it is allowed by their respective departments.

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What if, I am not interested in the subjects previously approved for Open Elective?

In this case , you can either choose one subject from the list of available subjects under Elective IV

Alternatively you can design a subject with your own syllabus and send it for approval to the University. Once approved, you can the opt for the subject.

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If you have any more queries about Open Elective, always feel free to contact us by emailing us at : jojo@itportal.in

[Please mention 'Open Elective' as the subject header in your Email]

It would always be our pleasure to solve your queries.